Forums > Off-Topic Discussion > Young and single Moms

Model

Laura UnBound

Posts: 28745

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

La Lana  wrote:

Usually to get birth control the female has to undergo a pap smear...and then there's a list of side effects that goes with birth control.  I believe it's important for the parents to be informed on what's going on with their child.  Not that it needs to be their decision, but if my child was having any kind of...procedure...or ending up having rare but possible complications from birth control...I'd want to know what was going on.

The problem with your doctor talking to your parents is that even though the parents may not be able to tell the doctor no, they can still punish the child. "if I find out you went to the free and confidential clinic to get xyz done, you're ______"

Several of my girlfriends in high school would have been anywhere from grounded, sent away (boot camp, boarding school, to their grandparents in wheereverthefuck away from all their friends, etc) or flat out kicked out of their home, despite that doing so would fall under some form of child neglect/abuse, the parents were more adamant about no dick ever going in their kids vagina than actually taking care of their daughter.

So those girls never had condoms on them, never had the pill, never had morning after pills, and they've all got babies now, most while they were still in school. None of them are over the age of 23. Most still living with their parents. They were more afraid of what their parents would do to them if a condom was found in their purse, than actually having a baby (because neither risk actually scares a teen into being abstinent)

Nov 12 12 09:10 pm Link

Model

hygvhgvkhy

Posts: 2092

Chicago, Illinois, US

Cuica Cafezinho wrote:

Unless you put duct tape over your mouth on the way to the dance, it's less than microscopic.

I kid. I kid. Rock on Presley!

(-:

Nov 12 12 09:11 pm Link

Model

Laura UnBound

Posts: 28745

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Cherrystone wrote:

Forced birth control.....oh dear God. facepalm

You're living in the wrong country and century.

The most ironic part of the forced birth control suggestion, is that we can't even get the majority of parents to agree that birth control is okay and allow our public schools to teach about and offer condoms in the sex Ed class. We're still pushing for abstinence only education.


Put an iud in all our kids arms, but also only teach them to not have sex, rather than teach them what the fuck was implanted into their arm and why.

Nov 12 12 09:12 pm Link

Photographer

Kev Lawson

Posts: 11294

Las Vegas, Nevada, US

Laura UnBound wrote:
Put an iud in all our kids arms, but also only teach them to not have sex, rather than teach them what the fuck was implanted into their arm and why.

huh??

IUD = intrauterine device

Nov 12 12 09:18 pm Link

Photographer

Quay Lude

Posts: 6386

Madison, Wisconsin, US

Laura UnBound wrote:

The most ironic part of the forced birth control suggestion, is that we can't even get the majority of parents to agree that birth control is okay and allow our public schools to teach about and offer condoms in the sex Ed class. We're still pushing for abstinence only education.


Put an iud in all our kids arms, but also only teach them to not have sex, rather than teach them what the fuck was implanted into their arm and why.

This wreaks of men in elected positions making ignorant or politically motivated decisions about women's health issues.

We still behave as a primitive culture in so many ways. I'm thrilled we elected Tammy Baldwin to the U.S. Senate.

(For the most obvious reasons but also because I delivered to over 600 doors for her.)

Nov 12 12 09:22 pm Link

Model

Laura UnBound

Posts: 28745

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

UltimateAppeal wrote:
huh??

IUD = intrauterine device

Forgive me, many people, when referring to long-term contraceptives that have to get shoved into your body really uncomfortably, use "iud" and "implant" interchangeably, because they're basically the same thing. At least in the planned parenthood, et al circles I have to frequent. You ask a nurse at the clinic what an implanon is and they'll go "it's an iud, but in your arm"

Nov 12 12 10:22 pm Link

Model

Anne_C

Posts: 728

Bellingham, Washington, US

Cuica Cafezinho wrote:

I guess you haven't read much of what he posts.

I could make assumptions, but I'd rather just ask.

Nov 13 12 01:10 am Link

Model

_ Robyn Elizabeth _

Posts: 436

London, England, United Kingdom

This whole thread is based on the assumption that all teenage mothers are terrible.  Now I agree that having a kid as a teenager probably isn't ideal, but as someone mentioned earlier many teenage mums are just as good (or better) as older parents.

My cousin had her son when she was 18 and honestly it was the best thing for her.  She was going off the rails a bit, partying a lot, smoking, drinking etc.  She got pregnant and stopped everything.  She now has the most fantastic (and strangly posh) 10 year old boy.  She has been a fantastic mother, got a degree, holds down a good job and has just married a guy whose a wonderful step-father.  You shouldn't generalise everyone.

On the topic of how to reduce teenage pregancies, more access to sex education and contraception.  You are not going to stop teenagers having sex so we need to teach them how to be safe.

Nov 13 12 04:08 am Link

Photographer

Eridu

Posts: 623

Boston, Massachusetts, US

This topic is of great personal concern for me and I promise to address it if ever elected grand potentate:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYxAiK6VnXw

Nov 13 12 04:11 am Link

Model

Kaley King

Posts: 1027

Jefferson City, Missouri, US

Laura UnBound wrote:

The problem with your doctor talking to your parents is that even though the parents may not be able to tell the doctor no, they can still punish the child. "if I find out you went to the free and confidential clinic to get xyz done, you're ______"

Several of my girlfriends in high school would have been anywhere from grounded, sent away (boot camp, boarding school, to their grandparents in wheereverthefuck away from all their friends, etc) or flat out kicked out of their home, despite that doing so would fall under some form of child neglect/abuse, the parents were more adamant about no dick ever going in their kids vagina than actually taking care of their daughter.

So those girls never had condoms on them, never had the pill, never had morning after pills, and they've all got babies now, most while they were still in school. None of them are over the age of 23. Most still living with their parents. They were more afraid of what their parents would do to them if a condom was found in their purse, than actually having a baby (because neither risk actually scares a teen into being abstinent)

I guess it's just hard for me to relate to those situations...I had awful periods twice a month when I was young so the doc suggested birth control, and my mom ever had an issue...

The problem I'd have with birth control and not knowing would be some of the side effects...like when I got an IUD...instead of getting a period every month I'd just cramp so bad I'd vomit..EVERY month.  I'd be scared if that was happening to my child and I didn't know why.  There's also some conditions someone may have that shouldn't be intertwined with birth control...if a teen really wants the birth control they may not be totally honest about that stuff.

I'd teach abstinence first, but if that's not in the cards...then I believe people should be realistic, and be open to birth control, and condoms.  Some people are more concerned about protecting their abstinence agenda then they are about actually protecting their kids.

Nov 13 12 05:11 am Link

Photographer

ArtisticPhotography

Posts: 7699

Buffalo, New York, US

In other words, if we knew in advance that you'd grow up the way you have and have the attitudes that you have and the outlook that you have; then we should have paid your mother to abort you because we don't like something about you?  That's exactly what you're saying about the kids in question.

Nov 13 12 05:22 am Link

Photographer

Le_Demimonde

Posts: 100

Boston, Massachusetts, US

The reality is-as in all things-we live in a highly-reactionary society. Our pathology as a whole is one of extremes-via-previous-procrastination. Such behaviors are natural biroducts of a [vestigal] representative goverment. The point is, society cannot sustain itself on ideology alone and since history teaches that draconian measures are the last reaction of a dying sociatal-political entity, there is reason to moderate now before it is too late.

Nov 13 12 06:00 am Link

Model

Model Sarah

Posts: 40987

Columbus, Ohio, US

Birth control is not readily available. The fact we live in a first world nation and this is is an issue is just frightening. What does it say about us when me, a healthy independent 30 year old woman, has trouble accessing it. Even if I wanted to get it, I simply cant afford the pap smear to get it. I have no health insurance because I work for myself and I cant pay astronomical rate of $400 per month for it even if I wanted to get private health insurance.

Now, think about the circumstances of when a teenager is under their parents house and has to live by their rules which may include abstinence. Where does that leave them? They cant go to the clinic on their own or buy anything.

There's something seriously wrong with the country we live in right now and I hope it changes throughout my lifetime.

Nov 13 12 06:06 am Link

Model

-Nicole-

Posts: 19211

Madison, Wisconsin, US

Aaron Lewis Photography wrote:

You obviously don't see the reality. The children starve anyway while the tax payers money goes to by the mother fancy new designer clothes, tattoos, cigarettes, etc. They know they'll get a bigger paycheck with every child they have so they keep having children. Fuck that, go get a job.


Exactly

You have to prove you're a worthy parent and can provide for a child before adopting one so why not put the same restraints on people before they have a child of their own?

Do you know how hard it is to go get a job these days? My best friend's husband had neck surgery a couple months ago and to pick up the slack she searched for a job. Every day she'd fill out an application some place or another. McDonalds, gas stations, malls, no where was exempt. She had a husband to care for and a son to feed. It took her 4 months for someone to even give her a chance. Jobs aren't given out like fucking candy. Before you or anyone else throws the "get a job" card, remember that people are TRYING.

Oh, and
https://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash4/430759_10152276683660061_495732010_n.jpg

I've found this very fitting lately.

Nov 13 12 06:12 am Link

Photographer

Le_Demimonde

Posts: 100

Boston, Massachusetts, US

Having a child is NOT a fucking entitlement.

Nov 13 12 06:16 am Link

Model

Russian Katarina II

Posts: 2515

London, England, United Kingdom

Model Sarah wrote:
Birth control is not readily available. The fact we live in a first world nation and this is is an issue is just frightening. What does it say about us when me, a healthy independent 30 year old woman, has trouble accessing it. Even if I wanted to get it, I simply cant afford the pap smear to get it. I have no health insurance because I work for myself and I cant pay astronomical rate of $400 per month for it even if I wanted to get private health insurance.

Now, think about the circumstances of when a teenager is under their parents house and has to live by their rules which may include abstinence. Where does that leave them? They cant go to the clinic on their own or buy anything.

There's something seriously wrong with the country we live in right now and I hope it changes throughout my lifetime.

Birth control is free for the unemployed here and health insurance starts at 60 Euros if you are employed but in the lower income bracket. Naturally there are less teenage pregnancies and abortions in France than over the pond (if I remember correctly about half per capita).

I get the impression Americans in general prefer that their society would rather drop 50.000 dollars on the results of teenage pregnancies (higher poverty, more welfare recipients, more prison inmates) than 500 dollars to prevent it (sex education, free or affordable contraception). The latter would, in the minds of a majority of the American voters, be "socialist" and they don't want that.

So if you're 16 and hook up with that cute boy next door, well tough luck! You better pay the consequences for the rest of your life - and your community with you. It's what Americans consider freedom and individual responsibility.

Nov 13 12 06:26 am Link

Model

_ Robyn Elizabeth _

Posts: 436

London, England, United Kingdom

Katarina N. wrote:

Birth control is free for the unemployed here and health insurance starts at 60 Euros if you are employed but in the lower income bracket. Naturally there are less teenage pregnancies and abortions in France than over the pond (if I remember correctly about half per capita).

I get the impression Americans in general prefer that their society would rather drop 50.000 dollars on the results of teenage pregnancies (higher poverty, more welfare recipients, more prison inmates) than 500 dollars to prevent it (sex education, free or affordable contraception). The latter would, in the minds of a majority of the American voters, be "socialist" and they don't want that.

So if you're 16 and hook up with that cute boy next door, well tough luck! You better pay the consequences for the rest of your life - and your community with you. It's what Americans consider freedom and individual responsibility.

I totally agree with your point. 

Not sure where you mean as "here", but birth control is free to everyone in England regardless of whether you are employed or not.

Nov 13 12 06:29 am Link

Model

Russian Katarina II

Posts: 2515

London, England, United Kingdom

_ Robyn Elizabeth _ wrote:
I totally agree with your point. 

Not sure where you mean as "here", but birth control is free to everyone in England regardless of whether you are employed or not.

I was referring to France.

England is an interesting case, while contraception and abortion are readily available (unlike in the US), there are still a lot of teenage pregnancies happening there - it seems almost a lifestyle choices in many families that have been on the public dole for generations. Cranking out one kid after another and living in nice houses paid for by you and me.

I'm sure you too remember the story about that 11 year old who became a proud dad. Things like that are far from the exception unfortunately, but the root causes aren't the same as in the US.

Nov 13 12 06:38 am Link

Photographer

Carlos Occidental

Posts: 10583

Los Angeles, California, US

Katarina N. wrote:
but the root causes aren't the same as in the US.

I'm pretty sure you'd find they're exactly the same here.

Nov 13 12 06:40 am Link

Model

_ Robyn Elizabeth _

Posts: 436

London, England, United Kingdom

Carlos Occidental wrote:

I'm pretty sure you'd find they're exactly the same here.

I doubt it, I think Katarina that the causes are different, for example, as mentioned birth control is free and sex ed taught in all schools so it can't be due to a lack of knowledge or access to birth control here. Whereas, I believe that in the US birth control is expensive, not covered by the less extensive medical insurence and the level of sex ed in schools varies widely.

Here we have a welfare system that will give single teenage mothers there own house so there sadly is a financial incentive, while your single mothers will get some help, it will not be nearly to the same level as here.

I wanted to look up the teenage pregnancy rates and found this wikipedia page.  Interestingly England does seem to have one of the highest rates in Europe, the US has the highest in the developed world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy

Nov 13 12 06:47 am Link

Model

Russian Katarina II

Posts: 2515

London, England, United Kingdom

Carlos Occidental wrote:
I'm pretty sure you'd find they're exactly the same here.

There is no generational welfare system in the US that allowes people to exist on the public dole their entire life. As I understand it welfare is limited to five years over your lifetime, after that you get nothing.

Given that Britain doesn't lack available contraception like the US, I'd wager it has even more to do with the social impact of poverty. These kids grow up in an environment of dependance, in undereducated households and with parents and relatives that teach them no concept of self initiative. They might not live on the streets or in trailer parks like they do in the US with its lack of a welfare system, but the mindset that is engraved in them from birth is the same.

Cranking out kids is merely a symptom of their inability to take charge of their own life and set goals for their future. They grow up in an environment where there is no future.

Nov 13 12 06:48 am Link

Photographer

Carlos Occidental

Posts: 10583

Los Angeles, California, US

( Thanks.)

Nov 13 12 06:49 am Link

Photographer

Carlos Occidental

Posts: 10583

Los Angeles, California, US

Katarina N. wrote:
There is no generational welfare system in the US that allowes people to exist on the public dole their entire life. As I understand it welfare is limited to five years over your lifetime, after that you get nothing.

That would be your first mistake.  There are generations that have been on dole, will be on dole, and all future generations of that line will be on dole.  Ten's of thousands have lived this way since welfare started. 

Same here.  See Video, and/or read article:
http://www.backwoodshome.com/blogs/Oliv … r-america/
Or, type "generations on welfare" into Google, and get ready to see red. Here's another:
http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/mep … rapr02.pdf

Katarina N. wrote:
Cranking out kids is merely a symptom of their inability to take charge of their own life and set goals for their future. They grow up in an environment where there is no future.

Same here.

With the exception of free birth control (Condoms can be bought for a buck or two), I see little difference.
Teach a man to fish...
Or, just feel sorry for him, and give him a free meal.  For life.  And his family.

Nov 13 12 06:50 am Link

Model

DarcieK

Posts: 10876

Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

twoharts wrote:
then why have i read so many articles recently saying that IUDs are the best form of birth control? far more effective than pills or condoms. or at least that's what i thought i read in the articles.

if a minor isn't allowed to make major decisions for themselves until they are an adult (18 in many states i believe) then, yeah, why not at least consider forced birth control? put all the options on the table at least.

My boyfriend's daughter is a result of a defective IUD.

As well, most doctors won't put IUDs in anyone who hasn't had kids because it can wreck an unstretched uterus.

Nov 13 12 06:52 am Link

Model

-Nicole-

Posts: 19211

Madison, Wisconsin, US

DarcieK wrote:

My boyfriend's daughter is a result of a defective IUD.

As well, most doctor's won't put IUDs in anyone who hasn't had kids because it can wreck an unstretched uterus.

I know three women who got pregnant from a defective IUD.

Nov 13 12 07:12 am Link

Model

DarcieK

Posts: 10876

Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

-Nicole- wrote:

I know three women who got pregnant from a defective IUD.

Yep. I've had friends who have had to have them removed because they caused too many problems for them.

IUDs can be effective, but they are not for everyone. Some men obviously don't release there are multiple types of birth control because there are multiple types of women. What works for one may not work for the other.

Nov 13 12 07:33 am Link

Model

Russian Katarina II

Posts: 2515

London, England, United Kingdom

DarcieK wrote:

Yep. I've had friends who have had to have them removed because they caused too many problems for them.

IUDs can be effective, but they are not for everyone. Some men obviously don't release there are multiple types of birth control because there are multiple types of women. What works for one may not work for the other.

Men believe that it's a woman's job to take care of not getting pregnant - but boy do they love to tell us what to do when we do.

Nov 13 12 07:35 am Link

Photographer

Carlos Occidental

Posts: 10583

Los Angeles, California, US

Change that to "some" or even "most" and you'd be entirely correct.

Nov 13 12 07:36 am Link

Model

Model Sarah

Posts: 40987

Columbus, Ohio, US

Katarina N. wrote:
Birth control is free for the unemployed here and health insurance starts at 60 Euros if you are employed but in the lower income bracket. Naturally there are less teenage pregnancies and abortions in France than over the pond (if I remember correctly about half per capita).

I get the impression Americans in general prefer that their society would rather drop 50.000 dollars on the results of teenage pregnancies (higher poverty, more welfare recipients, more prison inmates) than 500 dollars to prevent it (sex education, free or affordable contraception). The latter would, in the minds of a majority of the American voters, be "socialist" and they don't want that.

So if you're 16 and hook up with that cute boy next door, well tough luck! You better pay the consequences for the rest of your life - and your community with you. It's what Americans consider freedom and individual responsibility.

Yes, i'm aware of that. That is why I said it's very sad we, as a first world nation, do not have access to birth control the way it should be. Also, I dont think it's fair to compare numbers with France or England to the U.S. we have a significantly larger population. However, the point is correct. Education, accessible heath care, and an environment that doesnt promote something unnatural like abstinence are things that would go a long way in preventing a lot of this.

Nov 13 12 07:39 am Link

Model

Russian Katarina II

Posts: 2515

London, England, United Kingdom

Model Sarah wrote:

Yes, i'm aware of that. That is why I said it's very sad we, as a first world nation, do not have access to birth control the way it should be. Also, I dont think it's fair to compare numbers with France or England to the U.S. we have a significantly larger population. However, the point is correct. Education, accessible heath care, and an environment that doesnt promote something unnatural like abstinence are things that would go a long way in preventing a lot of this.

I was talking about statistics per capita, which means per person. For example, these are the abortion rates per 1000 inhabitants:

United States - 4.0
France - 3.2
Germany - 1.4
Britain - 3.3
Finland - 1.9
Canada - 2.7
Japan - 1.8

All of these countries have universal health care and readily available contraception and abortion, yet perform significantly less abortions than the US per capita.

The American policies to fight abortion effectively cause more abortions.

Nov 13 12 08:09 am Link

Photographer

ArtisticPhotography

Posts: 7699

Buffalo, New York, US

-Nicole- wrote:
I know three women who got pregnant from a defective IUD.

Well they shouldn't be sharing the darned thing.

Nov 13 12 08:46 am Link

Model

Little Queenie

Posts: 6219

Indio, California, US

Katarina N. wrote:

Birth control is free for the unemployed here and health insurance starts at 60 Euros if you are employed but in the lower income bracket. Naturally there are less teenage pregnancies and abortions in France than over the pond (if I remember correctly about half per capita).

I get the impression Americans in general prefer that their society would rather drop 50.000 dollars on the results of teenage pregnancies (higher poverty, more welfare recipients, more prison inmates) than 500 dollars to prevent it (sex education, free or affordable contraception). The latter would, in the minds of a majority of the American voters, be "socialist" and they don't want that.

So if you're 16 and hook up with that cute boy next door, well tough luck! You better pay the consequences for the rest of your life - and your community with you. It's what Americans consider freedom and individual responsibility.

Birth control is easily accessible in the US. Planned Parenthood gives it away for free. Some schools provide access to condoms. The problem is that sec is still treated as being so taboo in American households. Kids see it in movies, on TV and hear about it constantly in music but parents can't even bring themselves to have open and honest conversations about sex.

Nov 13 12 08:47 am Link

Photographer

Visual Serotonin

Posts: 5134

Los Angeles, California, US

Little Queenie wrote:
Birth control is easily accessible in the US. Planned Parenthood gives it away for free. Some schools provide access to condoms. The problem is that sec is still treated as being so taboo in American households. Kids see it in movies, on TV and hear about it constantly in music but parents can't even bring themselves to have open and honest conversations about sex.

Look no further than the taboo of extramarital affairs that can bring down a former US decorated general and CIA director vs. no one giving shit about such things in France for example.

http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/13/opinion/f … index.html

If such sexual puritanism affects the higher echelon of society imagine the lack of information and prejudice in classrooms or the workplace.

And yes every dollar invested in sex ed and easy to access contraceptives would payback tenfold in less social costs.

For example no one mentions the dip in serious crime (murder/rapes/etc...) we experience since the mid 1990s is due to Roe vs. Wade and the fact legal abortion resulted in way less unwanted children, especially among minorities, in turn resulting in less crime 20 years later.

Nov 13 12 09:06 am Link

Model

Jules NYC

Posts: 21617

New York, New York, US

It's pretty simple.

If you fuck and can menstruate, you can have a baby.
Children change your life.
Unwanted children didn't ask to be born.

... and if you are starving to death and can barely survive,
decide to fuck without a condom to prevent disease and to prevent a pregnancy,
then you are a dumb, selfish fuck.

"... but I have so much LOVE to give!"
*Dumb fucks that have children they can't raise*
lol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qcLy8h9grQ

I wonder how many Grandmamas are raising their daughter's kids.

smile

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaPHPQt91w8

Nov 13 12 09:19 am Link

Model

Phane

Posts: 2063

Rockville, Maryland, US

Katarina N. wrote:

Men believe that it's a woman's job to take care of not getting pregnant - but boy do they love to tell us what to do when we do.

Amen+1000

Nov 13 12 09:52 am Link

Model

_ Robyn Elizabeth _

Posts: 436

London, England, United Kingdom

Jules NYC wrote:
It's pretty simple.

If you fuck and can menstruate, you can have a baby.
Children change your life.
Unwanted children didn't ask to be born.

... and if you are starving to death and can barely survive,
decide to fuck without a condom to prevent disease and to prevent a pregnancy,
then you are a dumb, selfish fuck.

"... but I have so much LOVE to give!"
*Dumb fucks that have children they can't raise*
lol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qcLy8h9grQ

I wonder how many Grandmamas are raising their daughter's kids.

smile

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaPHPQt91w8

So only poor people are shit parents?

Hmm, I think you will find that the ability to be a good parent is not directly linked to how much money you have.

Nov 13 12 10:12 am Link

Makeup Artist

T

Posts: 53557

Washington, District of Columbia, US

_ Robyn Elizabeth _ wrote:

So only poor people are shit parents?

Hmm, I think you will find that the ability to be a good parent is not directly linked to how much money you have.

Preach!

Nov 13 12 10:13 am Link

Model

Jules NYC

Posts: 21617

New York, New York, US

_ Robyn Elizabeth _ wrote:
So only poor people are shit parents?

Hmm, I think you will find that the ability to be a good parent is not directly linked to how much money you have.

You made an inference that is not correct.

To answer your question, no.
Bad rich parents can sexually abuse, ignore and (insert bad behavior here) just the same.  They can also send their kids off to boarding school instead dumping them off at Grandmama's house:)

Dysfunctional homes are dysfunctional homes.

You need Maslow's basic base tier to start.
Start raising a child in a healthy, functional home.

I see sex is in the bottom tier; that OBVIOUSLY refers to adults, not little kids.

Food/shelter/etc.

https://www.businessballs.com/images/maslow_hierarchy_sm.gif

Nov 13 12 10:18 am Link

Model

Jules NYC

Posts: 21617

New York, New York, US

T wrote:
Preach!

Obviously.

It's just a shit thing to do to have a kid grow up with worrying about food/shelter, period.

Not fair to the child/children.

Nov 13 12 10:22 am Link

Makeup Artist

T

Posts: 53557

Washington, District of Columbia, US

If for some reason my parents had to raise my kid I couldn't think of a better home and environment.

Nov 13 12 10:23 am Link